本文目录一览
- 1,高中化学公式大全
- 2,高中化学方程式大全
- 3,高中化学公式大全
1,高中化学公式大全楼主顶住中化学方程式 一、非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si,H) 1、氧化性: F2+H2===2HF (阴暗处爆炸)F2+Xe(过量)==XeF22F2(过量)+Xe==XeF4(XeF4是强氧化剂,能将Mn2+氧化为MnO4–)nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属)2F2+2H2O===4HF+O2 (水是还原剂)2F2+2NaOH===2NaF+OF2+H2O F2+2NaCl===2NaF+Cl2F2+2NaBr===2NaF+Br2F2+2NaI===2NaF+I27F2(过量)+I2===2IF7F2+Cl2(等体积)===2ClF (ClF属于类卤素:ClF+H2O==HF+HClO )3F2(过量)+Cl2===2ClF3 (ClF3+3H2O==3HF+HClO3 )Cl2+H2 2HCl (将H2在Cl2点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)3Cl2+2P 2PCl3Cl2+PCl3 PCl5Cl2+2Na 2NaCl 3Cl2+2Fe 2FeCl3Cl2+Cu CuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3(在水溶液中:Cl2+2Fe2+===2Fe3++3Cl )Cl2+2NaBr===2NaCl+Br2Cl2+2Br =2Cl +Br2Cl2+2KI===2KCl+I2Cl2+2I =2Cl +I23Cl2(过量)+2KI+3H2O===6HCl+KIO33Cl2+I–+3H2O=6H++6Cl–+IO3–5Cl2+I2+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl–+IO3–+12H+ Cl2+Na2S===2NaCl+S↓Cl2+S2–=2Cl–+S↓Cl2+H2S===2HCl+S↓(水溶液中:Cl2+H2S=2H++2Cl–+S↓Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–Cl2+H2O2===2HCl+O2Cl2+H2O2=2H++Cl–+O22O2+3Fe Fe3O4O2+K===KO2 S+H2 H2S2S+C CS2S+Zn ZnS S+FeFeS (既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取)S+2Cu Cu2S (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)3S+2Al Al2S3 (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)N2+3H2 2NH3N2+3Mg Mg3N2N2+3Ca Ca3N2 N2+3Ba Ba3N2N2+6Na 2Na3NN2+6K 2K3N N2+6Rb 2Rb3NN2+2Al 2AlNP4+6H2 4PH3P+3Na Na3P2P+3Zn Zn3P2 H2+2Li 2LiH2、还原性 S+O2 SO2S+H2SO4(浓) 3SO2↑+2H2O S+6HNO3(浓) H2SO4+6NO2↑+2H2OS+4H++6==6NO2↑+2H2O+ 3S+4HNO3(稀) 3SO2+4NO↑+2H2O3S+4H++43SO2+4NO↑+2H2ON2+O22NO4P+5O2 P4O10(常写成P2O5) 2P+3X2 2PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)PX3+X2PX5P4+20HNO3(浓) 4H3PO4+20NO2↑+4H2O C+2F2 CF4C+2Cl2 CCl4C+O2(足量) CO22C+O2(少量) 2COC+CO2 2COC+H2O CO+H2(生成水煤气) 2C+SiO2 Si+2CO(制得粗硅) Si(粗)+2Cl2 SiCl4(SiCl4+2H2===Si(纯)+4HCl) Si(粉)+O2 SiO2Si+C SiC(金刚砂) Si+2NaOH+H2O==Na2SiO3+2H2↑(Si+2OH +H2O= +2H2↑) 3、歧化反应 Cl2+H2O==HCl+HClO(加碱或光照促进歧化:(Cl2+H2O H++Cl–+HClO) Cl2+2NaOH==NaCl+NaClO+H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)Cl2+2Ca(OH)2==CaCl2+Ca(ClO)2+2H2O(Cl2+2OH–=Cl–+ClO–+H2O)3Cl2+6KOH(浓) 5KCl+KClO3+3H2O(3Cl2+6OH– 5Cl–+ClO3–+3H2O) 3S+6NaOH 2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O(3S+6OH– 2S2–+SO32–+3H2O)4P+3KOH(浓)+3H2O==PH3↑+3KH2PO2(4P+3OH–+3H2O==PH3↑+3H2PO2–)11P+15CuSO4+24H2O==5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO4 3C+CaO CaC2+CO↑3C+SiO2 SiC+2CO↑ 二.金属单质(Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu)的还原性2Na+H2 2NaH4Na+O2==2Na2O2Na2O+O2 2Na2O22Na+O2 Na2O22Na+S==Na2S(爆炸) 2Na+2H2O==2NaOH+H2↑2Na+2H2O=2Na++2OH―+H2↑2Na+2NH3==2NaNH2+H2↑2Na+2NH3=2Na++2NH2―+H2↑4Na+TiCl44NaCl+TiMg+Cl2 MgCl2 Mg+Br2 MgBr2 2Mg+O2 2MgOMg+S MgS2Cu+S Cu2S(Cu2S只能由单质制备) Mg+2H2O Mg(OH)2+H2↑ 2Mg+TiCl4 Ti+2MgCl2Mg+2RbCl MgCl2+2Rb 2Mg+CO2 2MgO+C2Mg+SiO2 2MgO+Si Mg+H2S==MgS+H2 Mg+H2SO4==MgSO4+H2↑(Mg+2H+=Mg2++H2↑)2Al+3Cl2 2AlCl3 4Al+3O2===2Al2O3(常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧)4Al(Hg)+3O2+2xH2O===2(Al2O3.xH2O)+4Hg(铝汞齐) 4Al+3MnO2 2Al2O3+3Mn2Al+Cr2O3 Al2O3+2Cr (铝热反应)2Al+Fe2O3 Al2O3+2Fe2Al+3FeO Al2O3+3Fe 2Al+6HCl===2AlCl3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2↑2Al+6H+=2Al3++3H2↑2Al+6H2SO4(浓)===Al2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化) Al+4HNO3(稀)===Al(NO3)3+NO↑+2H2OAl+4H++NO3–=Al3++NO↑+2H2O 2Al+2NaOH+2H2O===2NaAlO2+3H2↑2Al+2OH–+2H2O=2AlO2–+3H2↑2Fe+3Br2===2FeBr33Fe+2O2Fe3O42Fe+O2 2FeO (炼钢过程)Fe+I2 FeI2 Fe+S FeS (FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g) Fe3O4+4H2↑ Fe+2HCl===FeCl2+H2↑Fe+2H+=Fe2++H2↑ Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+Cu2+=Fe2++Cu↓ Fe+SnCl4===FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2==FeCl2+Sn↓Fe+Sn2+=Fe2++Sn↓ 三.非金属氢化物(HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3) 金属氢化物(NaH)1、还原性: 4HCl(浓)+MnO2 MnCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+MnO2 Mn2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(浓)+PbO2 PbCl2+Cl2↑+2H2O4H++2Cl–+PbO2 Pb2++Cl2↑+2H2O4HCl(g)+O2 2Cl2+2H2O 16HCl+2KMnO4===2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2↑+8H2O 16 H++10Cl-+2MnO4–=2Mn2++5Cl2↑+8H2O 6HCl+KClO3==KCl+3Cl2↑+3H2O6H++5Cl–+ClO3–=3Cl2↑+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7===2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2↑+7H2O 14H++6Cl–+Cr2O72–=2Cr3++5Cl2↑+7H2O2H2O+2F2===4HF+O2 2HCl+F2=2HF+Cl2 (F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2 (Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存)2H2S+3O2(足量) 2SO2+2H2O2H2S+O2(少量) 2S↓+2H2O 2H2S+SO2===3S↓+2H2OH2S+H2SO4(浓)===S↓+SO2↑+2H2O 3H2S+2HNO3(稀)===3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O3H2S+2H++2NO3–=3S↓+2NO↑+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4===2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S↓+8H2O 5H2S+2MnO4–+6H+=2Mn2++5S↓+8H2O 3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S↓+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72–+8H+===2Cr3++3S↓+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O===Na2SO4+6NaOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na++ + 2NH3+3CuO 3Cu+N2+3H2O 2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCl8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4Cl NH3+NaNO2+HCl==NaCl+N2↑+2H2ONH3+NO2–+H+=N2↑+2H2O4NH3+3O2(纯氧) 2N2+6H2O4NH3+5O2 4NO+6H2O 4NH3+6NO===5N2+6H2O(用氨清除NO) NaH+H2O===NaOH+H2↑(生氢剂)NaH+H2O=Na++OH–+H2↑4NaH+TiCl4 Ti+4NaCl+2H2↑CaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH)2↓+2H2↑ 2、酸性: 4HF+SiO2===SiF4+2H2O(可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量,玻璃雕刻)4HF+Si===SiF4+2H2↑ 2HF+CaCl2===CaF2+2HClH2S+Fe===FeS↓+H2↑ H2S+CuCl2===CuS↓+2HCl (弱酸制强酸的典型反应)H2S+Cu2+=CuS↓+2H+ H2S+2AgNO3===Ag2S↓+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S↓+2H+H2S+HgCl2===HgS↓+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS↓+2H+H2S+Pb(NO3)2===PbS↓+2HNO3 (铅试纸检验空气中H2S)H2S+Pb2+=PbS↓+2H+H2S+2Ag===Ag2S+H2↑(银器在空气中变黑的原因)2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNH2+H2↑(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+NH3↑) 3、NH3的碱性: NH3+HX===NH4X (X:F、Cl、Br、I、S)NH3+HNO3===NH4NO3NH3+H+=NH4+ 2NH3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4NH3+H+=NH4+NH3+NaCl+H2O+CO2===NaHCO3+NH4Cl(侯德榜制碱:用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)NH3+H2S==NH4HSNH3+H2S=NH4++HS-4、不稳定性: 2HF H2+F22HCl H2+Cl22H2O 2H2+O22H2O2===2H2O+O2H2S H2+S2NH3 N2+3H2 2HI H2+I2 四.非金属氧化物(SO3、SO2、N2O、NO、N2O3、NO2、N2O4、N2O5、CO、CO2、SiO2、P2O3、P2O5、Cl2O、Cl2O3、Cl2O5、Cl2O7、ClO2)1、低价态的还原性:(SO2、CO、NO)2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4(这是SO2在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应) 2SO2+O2 2SO3SO2+NO2===SO3+NOSO2+Cl2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Cl–SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBrBr2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2Br–SO2+I2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HII2+SO2+2H2O=4H++SO42–+2I–2NO+O2===2NO2 NO+NO2+2NaOH===2NaNO2(用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)NO+NO2+2OH–=2NO2– 2CO+O2 2CO2CO+CuO Cu+CO23CO+Fe2O3 2Fe+3CO2CO+H2O CO2+H2 2、氧化性: SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2OSO3+2KI K2SO3+I2 NO2+2KI+H2O===NO+I2+2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别溴蒸气和NO2) 4NO2+H2S===4NO+SO3+H2O 2NO2+Cu 4CuO+N2N2O+Zn ZnO+N2CO2+2Mg 2MgO+C(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾) SiO2+2H2 Si+2H2OSiO2+2Mg 2MgO+Si 3、与水的作用: SO2+H2O===H2SO3 SO3+H2O===H2SO4SO3+H2O=2H++SO42–3NO2+H2O===2HNO3+NO (NO2不是硝酸的酸酐)N2O5+H2O===2HNO3N2O5+H2O=2H++2NO3–P2O5+H2O(冷水)===2HPO3 P2O5+3H2O(热水)===2H3PO4(P2O5极易吸水,可作气体干燥剂) P2O5+3H2SO4(浓)===2H3PO4+3SO3 CO2+H2O===H2CO3Cl2O+H2O==2HClOCl2O7+H2O==2HClO4Cl2O7+H2O=2H++2ClO4–4、与碱性物质的作用: SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)2SO3SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH4HSO3 2NH4HSO3+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2↑(硫酸工业尾气处理)SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3↓+H2O(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SO2和CO2.可用品红鉴别) SO3+MgO===MgSO4 SO3+Ca(OH)2===CaSO4↓+H2O CO2+NH3+H2O===NH4HCO3CO2+2NH3(过量)+H2O===(NH4)2CO3(NH4)2CO3 (NH2)2CO+2H2OCO2+2NH3 (NH2)2CO+H2O(工业制取尿素)CO2+2NaOH(过量)==Na2CO3+H2O2OH-+CO2=CO32–+H2OCO2(过量)+NaOH==NaHCO3OH-+CO2=HCO3–CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)==CaCO3+H2OCa2++2 +CO2=CaCO3↓+H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2==Ca(HCO3)2OH―+CO2=HCO3– CO2+CaCO3+H2O==Ca(HCO3)2CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca2++2HCO3–CO2(不足)+2NaAlO2+3H2O===2Al(OH)3↓+Na2CO3CO2+3H2O+AlO2–=Al(OH)3↓+CO32–CO2(足)+NaAlO2+2H2O===Al(OH)3↓+NaHCO3CO2+2H2O+AlO2–=Al(OH)3↓+HCO3–CO2+C6H5ONa+H2O===C6H5OH↓+NaHCO3 CO2+C6H5O―+H2O=C6H5OH↓+HCO3–SiO2+CaO CaSiO3 (炼钢造渣)SiO2+2NaOH===Na2SiO3+H2O(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃) SiO2+Na2CO3 Na2SiO3+CO2 (制取玻璃)SiO2+CaCO3 CaSiO3+CO2(制取玻璃)2NO2+2NaOH==NaNO2+NaNO3+H2O2NO2+2OH―=NO3–+NO2―+H2O NO+NO2+2NaOH==2NaNO2+H2O(制取硝酸工业尾气吸收)NO+NO2+2OH―=2NO3–+H2O五.金属氧化物 1、低价态的还原性: 6FeO+O2===2Fe3O4 FeO+4HNO3===Fe(NO3)3+NO2+2H2OFeO+4H++NO3―=Fe3++NO2↑+2H2O2、氧化性: Na2O2+2Na 2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2O) MgO,Al2O3几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为Mg,Al.一般通过电解制Mg和Al. Fe2O3+3H2 2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe3O4+4H2 3Fe+4H2OCuO+H2 Cu+H2O 2Fe3O4+16HI==6FeI2+8H2O+2I22Fe3O4+16H++4I―=6Fe2++8H2O+2I2Fe2O3+Fe3FeO(炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂)FeO+C Fe+CO (高温炼钢调节C含量)2FeO+Si 2Fe+SiO2 (高温炼钢调节Si含量)3、与水的作用: Na2O+H2O==2NaOHNa2O+H2O=2Na++2OH–2Na2O2+2H2O===4NaOH+O2↑2Na2O2+2H2O=4Na++4OH–+O2↑(此反应分两步:Na2O2+2H2O===2NaOH+H2O2;2H2O2===2H2O+O2H2O2的制备可利用类似的反应:BaO2+H2SO4(稀)===BaSO4+H2O2) MgO+H2O===Mg(OH)2(缓慢反应) 4、与酸性物质的作用: Na2O+SO3==Na2SO4Na2O+CO2==Na2CO3MgO+SO3===MgSO4Na2O+2HCl==2NaCl+H2ONa2O+2H+=2Na++H2O2Na2O2+2CO2==2Na2CO3+O2↑Na2O2+H2SO4(冷,稀)===Na2SO4+H2O2 MgO+H2SO4===MgSO4+H2OMgO+2H+=Mg2++H2OAl2O3+3H2SO4===Al2(SO4)3+3H2OAl2O3+6H+=2Al3++3H2O Al2O3+2NaOH===2NaAlO2+H2O(Al2O3两性氧化物)Al2O3+2OH―=2AlO2―+H2OFeO+2HCl===FeCl2+H2OFeO+2H+=Fe2++H2OFe2O3+6HCl===2FeCl3+3H2OFe?2O3+6H+=2Fe3++3H2OFe3O4+8HCl===FeCl2+2FeCl3+4H2OFe?3O4+8H+=2Fe3++Fe2++4H2O
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