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FreeBSD 5.1-Release Note

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當然除了以下之外還有,有興趣請自行查閱,此為泡泡自行的註釋網址: http://www.freebsd.org/releases/5.1R/relnotes-i386.html發布日期: 2003/05/28Bootloader ChangesThe /modules Directory (once the default location for modules on FreeBSD 4.X) is no longer a part of the default kern.module_path.Third-party modules should be placed in /boot/modules.中譯:在4.x版的/modules被移動到/boot/modules囉Network Protovolsipfw(4) skipto rules can once again be used with the log keyWord.ipfw(4) uid rules are once again working.中譯:ipfw中的skipto及uid規則可以再度使用囉..TCP now has support for the ``Limited Transmit"" mechanism proposed by RFC 3042.This feature is intended to improve the effectiveness of TCP loss recovery in certain circumstances. It is off by default but can be enabled with thenet.inet.tcp.rfc3042 sysctl variable. More information can be found in tcp(4).中譯:TCP多了一個參數net.inet.tcp.rfc3042 預設不啟動,透過sysctl啟動此參數在某些情況可以改善TCP loss的狀況..TCP now has support for increased initial congestion window sizes as described in RFC 3390.This feature can improve the throughput of short transfers, as well as high-bandwidth,large propagation-delay connections. It is off by default but can be enabled with thenet.inet.tcp.rfc3390 sysctl variable. More information can be found in tcp(4).中譯:TCP多了一個參數net.inet.tcp.rfc3390預設不啟動,透過sysctl啟動此參數在某些情況可以改善短距離的傳輸狀況.It is now possible to specify the range of ``privileged ports"" (TCP and UDP ports thatrequire superuser access to bind(2) to). The range is now specifIEd with thenet.inet.ip.portrange.reservedlow and net.inet.ip.portrange.reservedhigh sysctl variables,defaulting to the traditional Unix behavior. This feature is intended to help network serversbind to traditionally privileged ports without requiring superuser access.ip(4) has more details.中譯:透過定義net.inet.ip.portrange.reservedlow 及net.inet.ip.portrange.reservedhigh可以讓網路伺服器取得某些傳統的port而不用得到root的權限.(預設為0~1023)Userland Changesadduser(8) now correctly handles setting user passwords containing special shell characters.中譯:adduser已經可以正確的處理使用者密碼包含特殊的shell符號adduser(8) now supports a -g option to set a user"s default login group.中譯:adduser新增-g參數,設定使用者預設的登入群組The bsdlabel(8) utility is a replacement for the older disklabel utility. Like its predecessor,it installs, examines, or modifies the BSD label on a disk partition,and can install bootstrap code.Compared to disklabel, a number of obsolete options and parameters have been retired.A new -m option instructs bsdlabel(8) to use the layout suitable for a specific Machine.中譯:過去版本中的 disklabel 已經被 bsdlabel 取代.chgrp(1) and chown(8) now, when the owner/group is modified, print the old and new uid/gid if the -v option is specified more than once.中譯:透過-v參數,chgrp及chown會顯示變更的檔案名稱,若使用-v參數不只一次(-v -v),則會一並顯示新舊不同的uid及gid.The diskinfo(8) utility has been added to show information about a disk device and optionally to run a naive performance test.中譯:新增diskinfo指令,用來查詢硬碟的狀況.ftpd(8) now supports a -h option to disable printing any host-specific information,such as the ftpd(8) version or hostname, in server messages. [MERGED]中譯:ftpd新增-h參數,用以隱藏主機的相關資訊.ftpd(8) now supports a -P option to specify a port on which to listen in daemon mode.The default data port number is now set to be one less than the control port number,rather than being hard-coded. 中譯:ftpd新增-P參數,用以指定ftpd資料傳輸的port,預設為21及20 port.The gstat(8) utility has been added to show the disk activity inside the geom(4) subsystem.中譯:新增gstat命令,用以顯示磁碟的使用狀況.ipfw(8) now supports enable and disable commands to control various aspects of the operation ofipfw(4) (including enabling and disabling the firewall itself).These provide a more convenient and visible interface than the existingsysctl variables.[MERGED]中譯:ipfw 新增enable及disable參數用來控制ipfw規則.kenv(1) has been moved from /usr/bin to /bin to make it available at times duringsystem startup when only the root file system is mounted.中譯:kenv - dump the kernel environment 從原先的 /usr/bin 移往 /bin/ ,讓某些時候只有 / 系統被掛上時可以使用此指令.The MAKEDEV script is now unnecessary, due to the mandatory presence of devfs(5),and has been removed.中譯:原先的 MAKEDEV script檔被移除了,因為被併入devfs(5)了.mergemaster(8) now supports a -P option to preserve the contents of files being replaced.中譯:mergemaster 新增 -P 參數,用來復原已經被取代的檔案.mount(8) and umount(8) now accept a -F option to specify an alternate fstab(5) file.中譯:mount 和 umount 提供 -F 參數來定義要 掛上/卸載 要讀取的磁區檔案.newfs(8) will now create UFS2 file systems by default, unless UFS1 is specificallyrequested with the -O1 option.中譯:newfs 預設以UFS2系統為檔案系統,除非 -01 參數被指定才會用UFS1為檔案系統格式.ping(8) now supports a -M option to use ICMP mask request or timestamp request messagesinstead of ICMP echo requests.中譯:ping 新增幾個參數,其中 -M 參數可以使用 ICMP mask request 或是 timestamp request 訊息,而不是預設的 echo requests.pw(8) can now add a user whose name ends with a $ character; this change is intended to help administration of Samba services. [MERGED]中譯:pw 現在已經可以讓使用者名稱的最後為$字元.sysinstall(8) will now select UFS2 as the default layout for new file systems unless specifically requested in the disk labeler.Note: Due to i386 boot loader limitations, the root file system must be 1.5TB or smaller in size.中譯: sysinstall 除非特別指定,否則改以UFS2為預設的系統檔案格式.因為i386的boot loader限制, / 檔案系統必須小於 1.5 TB .The swapoff(8) command has been added to disable paging and swapping on a device.A related swapctl(8) command has been added to provide an interface toswapon(8) and swapoff(8) similar to other BSDs.Note: The swapoff(8) feature should be considered experimental.中譯: 新增 swapoff 的*實驗性*指令.用來取消 paging 和 swapping .syslogd(8) now allows multiple hosts or programs to be named in host or program specificationsin syslog.conf(5) files.中譯:syslogd 的syslog.conf 中允許 多host 或是 多program.systat(1) now includes an -ifstat display mode that displays the network traffic going throughactive interfaces on the system.中譯: systat 新增 -ifstat 參數 ,用來展示active 介面的網路流量.The historic BSD boot scripts in /etc have been removed, in favor of the rc.d systemimported fromNetBSD (sometimes referred to as ``rcNG"").All functionality of the historic system has been preserved. In particular,files such as /etc/rc.conf continue to be the recommended means of configuring thesystem startup.The rc.d system has been the default since FreeBSD 5.0-RELEASE,so this change should be largely transparent for the vast majority of users.Users who have customized their historic-style startup scripts should be aware thatthe following files have been removed from /etc: rc.atm, rc.devfs, rc.diskless1,rc.diskless2, rc.i386, rc.alpha, rc.amd64, rc.ia64, rc.sparc64, rc.isdn, rc.network,rc.network6, rc.pccard, rc.serial, rc.syscons, rc.sysctl. mergemaster(8), when run, will offer to move these files out of the way for convenience. More details can be found in rc.subr(8)中譯:原先 BSD boot script 放置在 /etc 之下,現在被分開嚕. 改為NetBSD的 rc.d 系統.但原先的所有功能將不會有所變動.如 /etc/rc.conf 仍然是系統起始的設定檔.rc.d 系統 開始於 FreeBSD 5.0-RELEASE 所以將會對多數使用者造成影響.部分檔案被分開了:rc.atmrc.devfs rc.diskless1 rc.diskless2 ...等等當執行 mergemaster 將會方便的提供讓您搬移這些檔案. 更多的詳細資料請參閱 rc.subr(8)Ports/Packages Collection InfrastructureThe one-line pkg-comment files have been eliminated from each port skeleton; their contents havebeen moved into each port"s Makefile. This change reduces the disk space and inodes usedby the ports tree. [MERGED]中譯:原先ports 中的 pkg-comment 合併到 Makefile 中.When fetching distfiles for building a port, the FETCH_REGET Makefile variable can be used to specify the number of times to try continuing to fetch a distfile if it fails its MD5 checksum.The port infrastructure also supports re-fetching interrupted distfiles.中譯: FETCH_REGET 定義當MD5 檢查失敗時,重新嘗試抓取的次數.pkg_create(1) now supports a -C option, which allows packages to register a list of other packages with which they conflict.They will refuse to install (via pkg_add(1)) if one of the listed packages is already present.The -f flag to pkg_add(1) overrides this conflict-checking.中譯:pkg_create 新增 -C 參數用來register相牴觸的程式.根據 pkg_add , 將會拒絕安裝如果其中的某一程式已經安裝了. -f 參數將會強制執行.Upgrading from previous releases of FreeBSDUsers with existing FreeBSD systems are highly encouraged to read the``Early Adopter"s Guide to FreeBSD 5.1-RELEASE"".This document generally has the filename EARLY.TXT on the distribution media,or any other place that the release notes can be found.It offers some notes on upgrading,but more importantly,also discusses some of the relative merits of upgrading to FreeBSD 5.X versus running FreeBSD 4.X. 中譯:若要升級的話,以前版本的使用者請閱讀"Early Adopter"s Guide to FreeBSD 5.2-RELEASE"文件.該文件提供一些在升級時所需要注意的地方.此外更重要的是....與其他成功升級4.x 到 5.x 的使用者請益.Important: Upgrading FreeBSD should, of course, only be attempted after backing up all data and configuration files. 中譯:請務必注意,*在升級FreeBSD之前*,請務必備份*所有資料及相關設定檔*!!

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